Managerial Communication Essay - 1986 Words

Managerial Communication 1. What Is Managerial Communication? Managerial communications involves gathering important information from both inside and out side the organization and distributing appropriate information to others who need it. If you carefully analyze a mangers job it is evident that managerial communication is essential for every management function known to business. For example, when managers perform the planning function, they gather information, write letters, memos, and reports, and then meet with other managers to explain the plan. When managers lead, they communicate to share a vision of what the organization can be and motivate employees to help achieve it, when managers organize, they gather information about the†¦show more content†¦As leaders and managers mature, they realize the need to effectively convey and receive information, and efforts at communications both internally and externally increase substantially. Managers have usually spent a greater part of their time communicating in one form or another, for example it takes the form of meetings, face-to-face discussions, memos, letters, e-mails, reports, etc. In the modern day work place more and more employees find that an important part of their work is communication, especially now that service workers outnumber production workers and research as well as production processes stresses greater collaboration and teamwork among workers in different functional groups. Moreover, a shift in communication technologies has paved the way to the change of both work and organizational structure. For these reasons, communication practices and technologies have become more important in all organizations, with a higher degree of importance in knowledge-intensive sectors and organizations. Organizational communication in todays organizations has not only become far more complicated and diverse, but has also become more important to overall organizational performance and success. 1.1.1 Methods To Effective Organizational Communication Open Door Policy: literally means, that every managers door is open to every employee. The purpose of the open door policy isShow MoreRelatedManagerial Communication2131 Words   |  9 PagesWhat Is Managerial Communication? 2 1.1 Organizational Communication 3 1.1.1 Methods To Effective Organizational Communication 4 1.1.2 Barriers of Organizational Communication And How To Overcome Them? 5 1.1.3 Benefits of Effective Organizational Communication 7 1.2 Interpersonal Communication 7 1.2.1 Methods of effective Interpersonal communication 7 1.2.2 Key Functions of Interpersonal Communication 8 2. Conclusion 9 References 11 1. What Is Managerial CommunicationRead MoreManagerial Communications Essay1471 Words   |  6 PagesCastillo Managerial Communications (Man-373-OL009) Written Assignment 1 Hynes introduces a calculated approach to managerial communication by dissecting it into three separate, yet mutually dependent functions. Hynes believes that with these approaches, management and employees alike can learn to adapt to one another to create an effective work force. The first layer is based on the idea that an employer and his employees can create a positive work atmosphere with the communication climate theyRead Moreorganizational values in managerial communication6435 Words   |  26 PagesORGANIZATIONAL VALUES IN MANAGERIAL COMMUNICATION* Ivan MalbaÃ… ¡ić** RuÃ… ¾a BrÄ ić*** Received: 14. 3. 2012 Accepted: 14. 11. 2012 Review UDC: 65.012.3 Organizational values have recently been regaining importance, which is reflected in the fact that they are commonly referred to as organizational foundations. Indeed, practice has proved that those values provide the basis for decisionmaking at all levels of the organization – from senior management to the nonmanagerial employees. This paperRead MoreEffective Communication For A Managerial Level1587 Words   |  7 PagesIt is critical to develop communication on a managerial level and to know your target audience; in addition, to determine the appropriate style and format of communicating with the audience. According to the business dictionary, the meaning of effective communication is A two way information sharing process which involves one party sending a message that is easily understood by the receiving party. Effective communication by business managers facilitates information sharing between company employeesRead MoreEssay on Strategies for Effective Managerial Communication1708 Words   |  7 PagesStrategies for Effective Managerial Communication Ensuring effective managerial communication is a daunting challenge. Each manager has to find their own â€Å"path† to capably communicate with their employees, employers, suppliers, business associates and clients. How is effective employee communication achieved? Effective employee communication is achieved by understanding yourself, the differences within your workforce and your company operating environment. It is based on successfully utilizingRead MoreStrategies for Effective Managerial Communication and Listening1652 Words   |  7 PagesStrategies for Effective Managerial Communication and Listening Han-Cheng Wang Hawaii Pacific University Dr. Carol Parker MGMT 6910 March 23, 2011 Strategies for effective managerial communication and listening Interpersonal communication plays an important role not only in our personal life but also in business field since interpersonal communication is the procedure that we can receive information and feeling from someone immediately and then to lead us to expressRead MoreEssay about Managerial Communications Assignment No 11174 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Assignment no 1 – Managerial Communications Case study – How do you manage an off-site team? Submission date – 31st Jan 2015 Group Details – Vijaya Avatani 36439 Vidhi Pande 36479 Swati Sathe 36436 Case Analysis In our view, the case throws light on following issues – 1. Conflict between two employees - Allison Penny [Iceberg] 2. Weak managerial skills of Craig 3. HR role in implementation of flexi time off site working Allison Scher and Penelope Ryan worked well together when theyRead MoreThe Role of Effective Communication in Improving Managerial Performance1701 Words   |  7 PagesTHE ROLE OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IN IMPROVING MANAGERIAL PERFORMANCE (A CASE STUDY OF IMO STATE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY ISEPA) ABSTRACT The role of effective communication in improving managerial performance. Management and communication are inseparable, it is the pivot in which activities of the various department relates to enhance industrial, growth, productivity and harmony in Imo State environmentalRead MoreWhy Is Communication Important For Managerial Success?3593 Words   |  15 PagesCHRISTIAN COMMUNICATION Christian Worldview and Communication Antonio Ramirez III Wayland Baptist University, Texas Christian Worldview and Communication As a modern manager, does having a Christian worldview hinder or help communication? The following questions will be answered: What is a Christian worldview on communication? Why is communication important for managerial success? What is the process, Purpose, and Barriers to success? How is nonverbal communication expressedRead More Leadership Issues, Communication and Managerial Support Within Companies1365 Words   |  6 Pagesleadership issues within the company, communication and managerial support. A discussion of these factors and recommendations regarding what actions Dick Spencer could take, serves as the foundation for this case analysis. The first factor that is playing an influential role in Dick Spencer’s decision making is that there isn’t any managerial support with any decisions made. Having managerial support is important to a successful business. Without having managerial support, this gives the employees

The Importance Of A Person With Values And Integrity

STATEMENT OF PURPOSE I, Richa Dharmesh Jariwala, introduce myself as a person with values and integrity. I believe in simple living with positive attitude. I like to meet people and making friends. My career decision also help me to meet people of different backgrounds, which will enhance my overall personality. I like to live social life with family. I had set rules for my life which provides me direction. Family background: My family consists of six members. My father is a hardworking Business Man. He is very knowledgeable person. He learnt the skills of business from my grandfather. My grandfather is reputed Business Man. We have family business of finance mint father is taking care of family business. Along with it, my father had established another business. He is very intelligent person. My father is my role model. My mother is a loving and caring House Wife. She is handling whole house activity and maintaining every relation with love and care. My grandmother is also House Wife. There are many principles, art of living and many more life added values; I learnt from my grandmother. My brother has recently completed his higher secondary certificate in Science stream and now he is doing his undergraduate in computer engineer from Bhagwan Mahavir College of engineering and technology. I am fortunate enough to be born in a family where education is always given a lot of emphasis. It i s the passion of my family to get the best possible education. I want to study hard toShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Values: Professional Ethics Are the Foundation of Social Work1798 Words   |  7 Pagesconviction to personal values that reflect and uphold the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Code of Ethics. Professional ethics are the foundation of social work, as the trade has an innate obligation to endorse ethical principles and basic values to advocate for the wellness of others. The core values adopted by all social workers, as distinguished by NASW, are service, social justice, dignity and worth of the person, importance of human relationships, integrity, and competence. As aRead MoreEthical And Ethical Aspects Of Business Ethics1350 Words   |  6 Pagesfor business ethics. Moreover, definition varies for different people and different organizations. In general, Business ethics:-- -is a set of moral values or applied ethics that’s drives the operation of business. It’s more than operating a business under existing laws. There is always a question of morality and this morality of values comes from values held by the society. But ethics for each company may have high standard to define for better working environment. -guides the conduct of all stakeholdersRead MoreBusiness Ethics, Corporate Social Responsibility, Integrity, And Integrity1318 Words   |  6 Pagesapplicable to a University setting, especially playing a role in the society. It also explains the concept of integrity and its importance is our career. Keywords: business ethics, university ethics, corporate social responsibility, integrity ESSAY ON BUSSINESS ETHICS Let’s kick off this topic with a quote from Robert W. Lane, the Chairman and CEO of Deere Company, â€Å"If you don’t have honesty and integrity, you won’t be able to develop effective relationships with any of your stakeholders.† This is the basisRead MoreThe Six Core Values Of Social Work713 Words   |  3 Pagesof ethics) Giving a Social Worker basic guidelines, standards, and values to follow they can keep their work at a professional level and be able to keep work out of a personal level. The National Association of Social Workers has the following as its six core values; Service, Social Justice, Dignity and Worth of a Person, Importance of Human Relationships, Integrity, and Competence. The NASW considers Service as a core value. Being responsible is one of the most important element of socialRead MoreAcademic Honesty - Essay 31242 Words   |  5 Pagesthe topic of academic honesty and integrity I have found that there are varying views on what is considered cheating, and that cheating occurs in all academic levels and fields of study. Interestingly business students do not believe that cheating is as serious as students in other fields. I also found that there are many parties that are responsible for teaching students why academic honesty and integrity are so important. The key to teaching this important value is to start when children enter theRead MoreSocial Work Ethics And Personal Ethics1489 Words   |  6 Pagesonce said, â€Å"One person can make a difference but everyone should try† (John Fitzgerald Kennedy Quotes 2005). Everyone can be a change in someone else’s life, if they set aside their own beliefs to help someone else who may have di fferent beliefs. Comparing my values to those of the social work code of ethics will show the converging and diverging between the two with a focus on three of the social work code of ethics: dignity and worth of the individual, integrity, and importance of human relationshipsRead MoreImportance Of Integrity In The Military1561 Words   |  7 Pagesessay we will be discussing the importance of integrity, and what ways it builds cohesiveness in the United States Army. Integrity is defined as, â€Å"Adherence to moral and ethical principles; soundness of moral character; honesty.† Integrity is one of the ethical values that the army uses to stay in check and remains a key value in the army. Before we look at the importance of integrity, let us first look different definitions of integrity. The true meaning of integrity is sometimes very tricky. ActingRead MoreImportance Of Academic Integrity Essay728 Words   |  3 Pagesthe online Oxford English Dictionary, integrity is the â€Å"soundness of moral principle; the character of uncorrupted virtue, esp. in relation to truth and fair dealing; uprightness, honesty, sincerity.† How does the dictionary definition of integrity apply to personal thoughts on academic integrity and the importance and impact of such? It provides a firm starting point for the effective communication of ideas (or ideals, in this instance). Academic integrity may mean different things to differentRead MoreEthical Principles Of The National Association Of Social Workers1222 Words   |  5 Pagesknown as (NASW) provides six core values that can be beneficial when helping people in society. A social worker provides services to a complex society where situations can become ambiguous. The NASW Code of Ethics sets forth guidelines to assist the social worker when ethical issues arise. It is crucial for social workers to understand the importance of the codes to ensure that they are practicing ethical at all times. Each social worke r may have certain core values that they feel more comfortableRead MoreWhat Is Business Ethics?1294 Words   |  6 Pagesof the product leads to hampering of individual’s as well as company’s reputation. Unethical practice may include going against the law but breaking laws does not always mean a person is unethical. Sometimes a person might accidently break a law and if he is ready to pay for it then he may still be called an ethical person. Thus, ethics is not just about going by the laws but is also about being morally correct. Why ethics are important in business. Organization is a part of the society. It has definite

Background to Primary Justice in Malawi Free Essays

BACKGROUND TO PRIMARY JUSTICE PILOT PROJECT In May 1999, the Malawi Government and DFID/MaSSAJ (Malawi Safety Security and Access to Justice) commissioned an external consultancy agency to conduct a study on Primary Justice in Rural Malawi, to investigate issues that are related to the protection, safety and access to justice by the poorest and most vulnerable groups in rural areas in Malawi. The research report revealed that between 80 to 90% of the population in Malawi access justice in the informal sector. However, it was again realized that the informal sector had several gaps which called for an intervention. We will write a custom essay sample on Background to Primary Justice in Malawi or any similar topic only for you Order Now Primary Justice Pilot Project was carried out from 2003- 2007 aiming to address the identified gaps. The project examined the various roles of marriage counselors, village head persons, Chiefs, religious and party leaders and government officials in dispute resolution. These service providers were found to be points of reference in matters relating to land, theft of farm produce, livestock, and household goods, witchcraft, matrimonial cases, inheritance issues and chieftainship, just to mention a few. The research revealed that there is urgent need to consolidate and develop locally credible and widely accessible systems of safety, security and justice that would operate within a human rights framework. The pilot project aimed to address a number of issues; 1. Capacity building of primary justice service providers 2. Enhancing record keeping and documentation of cases 3. Enhancing networking and linkages- referral mechanisms; between the formal and the informal 4. Public awareness 5. Dispute resolution To be able to achieve this, 14 District Implementing Agencies were identified and were referred to as â€Å"Entry Points† for the pilot Districts. Basically the role of the Entry Points was to receive funds from the Managing Agency, CCJP Lilongwe, and use it to facilitate various activities which would aim to achieve the above five project objectives. Initially, GTZ was the Managing Agency and CCJP Lilongwe took over from November 2006 to March 2007, where the pilot project phased out. Currently, CCJP Lilongwe and DFID is finalizing the concept of Primary Justice Malawi, covering all the 28 Districts. How to cite Background to Primary Justice in Malawi, Papers

Carbon dioxide1 Essay Example For Students

Carbon dioxide1 Essay Respiratory gases-oxygen and carbon dioxide moves between air and blood in the lungs. The structure of the human lung provides immense internal surface that facilitates gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries. Respiratory gases move between the environmentand the respiring tissues by two principal mechanisms, convention and diffusion. Convention is responsible for movement of air from the environment into the lungs and also for the movement of the blood between the lungs and the tissue. Diffusion moves many gases across tissue barriers such as membranes. One of the gases that diffusion moves is called the Respiratory Gas. Diffusion is the process of which gases are transported between the air and the blood in the lungs and between the blood and respiring tissue in the body. The process of diffusion is also driven by the difference in partial pressures between two locales. There are large changes in the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide as these gases move between air and the respiring tissues.Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported between tissue cells and lungs by the blood. The quantity transported is determined rapidity with which the blood circulates and the concentration s of gases in blood. Out put of the heart, is responsive to over all requirements. Hemoglobin acts in another way to facilitate the transport of carbon dioxide. Amino groups of the hemoglobin molecule react reversibly with carbon dioxide in solution to yield carbamates. Release of oxygen in body tissues enhances blinding of carbon dioxide as carbamates. Oxygenation of hemoglobin in the lungs has to reverse effect and leads to carbon dioxide elimination. Only 5 percent of carbon dioxide in the blood are transported free in physical solution without chemical change or blinding, yet this pool is important, because only free carbon dioxide easily crosses biologic membranes. Virtually every molecule of carbon dioxide made by metabolism must exist in the free form as it enters blood in the tissues. Then leave capillaries in the lung. Between these two events, most carbon dioxide is transported by carbamate. Carbamates are made up of CO2-3, CaCO3 AND CaMg(CO3). With a chain reaction of carbamates and HCI they create bubbles of carbon dioxide. Bibliography:

Annimals being promiscuous essays

Annimals being promiscuous essays According to Websters dictionary, promiscuous can be defined as having sexual relations frequently with different partners and being indiscriminate in the choice of sexual partners. Christa Hohoff, Kerstin Franzen, and Norbert Sachser believe that in the yellow-toothed cavy (Galea musteloides), it is the females choice to be actively promiscuous. They feel so because females will receive benefits such as paternal care and protection from predators. Females will also increase their chances of producing a viable offspring and decrease their chances of being fertilized by a genetically incompatible male. This hypothesis is interesting because as humans, promiscuity is against the social norm, especially for a female because it leads to disease and unwanted offspring. But in a species such as the yellow-toothed cavy, females can be rewarded with such actions. The authors used several methods in order to obtain results. For the experiment the used 12 male and 12 female yellow toothed cavies were used for 12 different mating tests. Each female had a choice between four males to mate. The cavies were put in a mate choice apparatus that prevented monopolization and the harassment of females by the males. The mate choice apparatus was divided into five compartments; a central compartment for the female and four separate adjacent champers for the males. The female compartment was linked to each male compartment through a small passage, but there was no direct passage between the male compartments. The apparatus had a counter and video camera so the number of times the female entered the males compartment and the type of behavior could be recorded. Each mating test lasted for 3.5 days. On the first day, only the female was placed in the apparatus with all the doors open so she could get accustomed to the different chambers. On the se cond day, the four males were added to their respective compartments but the doors w...

Free Essays on Evolution Coke

The Coca-Cola company started out as an insignificant one man business and over the last one hundred and ten years it has grown into one of the largest companies in the world. The first operator of the company was Dr. John Pemberton and the current operator is Roberto Goizueta. Without societies help, Coca-Cola could not have become over a 50 billion dollar business. Coca-Cola was invented by Dr. John Pemberton, an Atlanta pharmacist. He concocted the formula in a three legged brass kettle in his backyard on May 8, 1886. He mixed a combination of lime, cinnamon, coca leaves, and the seeds of a Brazilian shrub to make the fabulous beverage. Coca-Cola debuted in Atlanta's largest pharmacy, Jacob's Pharmacy, as a five cent non-carbonated beverage. Later on, the carbonated water was added to the syrup to make the beverage that we know today as Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola was originally used as a nerve and brain tonic and a medical elixir. Coca-Cola was named by Frank Robinson, one of Pemberton's close friends, he also penned the famous Coca-Cola logo in unique script. Dr. John Pemberton sold a portion of the Coca-Cola company to Asa Candler, after Pemberton's death the remainder was sold to Candler. Pemberton was forced to sell because he was in a state of poor health and was in debt. He had paid $76.96 for advertising, but he only made $50.00 in profits. Candler acquired the whole company for $2,300. Candler achieved a lot during his time as owner of the company. On January 31, 1893, the famous Coca-Cola formula was patented. He also opened the first syrup manufacturing plant in 1884. His great achievement was large scale bottling of Coca-Cola in 1899. In 1915, The Root Glass Company made the contour bottle for the Coca-Cola company. Candler aggressively advertised Coca-Cola in newspapers and on billboards. In the newspapers, he would give away coupons for a free Coke at any fountain. Coca-Cola was sold after the Prohibition Era t... Free Essays on Evolution Coke Free Essays on Evolution Coke The Coca-Cola company started out as an insignificant one man business and over the last one hundred and ten years it has grown into one of the largest companies in the world. The first operator of the company was Dr. John Pemberton and the current operator is Roberto Goizueta. Without societies help, Coca-Cola could not have become over a 50 billion dollar business. Coca-Cola was invented by Dr. John Pemberton, an Atlanta pharmacist. He concocted the formula in a three legged brass kettle in his backyard on May 8, 1886. He mixed a combination of lime, cinnamon, coca leaves, and the seeds of a Brazilian shrub to make the fabulous beverage. Coca-Cola debuted in Atlanta's largest pharmacy, Jacob's Pharmacy, as a five cent non-carbonated beverage. Later on, the carbonated water was added to the syrup to make the beverage that we know today as Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola was originally used as a nerve and brain tonic and a medical elixir. Coca-Cola was named by Frank Robinson, one of Pemberton's close friends, he also penned the famous Coca-Cola logo in unique script. Dr. John Pemberton sold a portion of the Coca-Cola company to Asa Candler, after Pemberton's death the remainder was sold to Candler. Pemberton was forced to sell because he was in a state of poor health and was in debt. He had paid $76.96 for advertising, but he only made $50.00 in profits. Candler acquired the whole company for $2,300. Candler achieved a lot during his time as owner of the company. On January 31, 1893, the famous Coca-Cola formula was patented. He also opened the first syrup manufacturing plant in 1884. His great achievement was large scale bottling of Coca-Cola in 1899. In 1915, The Root Glass Company made the contour bottle for the Coca-Cola company. Candler aggressively advertised Coca-Cola in newspapers and on billboards. In the newspapers, he would give away coupons for a free Coke at any fountain. Coca-Cola was sold after the Prohibition Era t...

Business environment of law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business environment of law - Essay Example Use of meat products is judged by the consumers taste and level of enjoyment. The consumer also concern over the price, health and nutritional variety a certain food provides, it shows the changing life style of the people. With time and economic development, the consumers are provided with wide variety of processed food that satisfies the urge of common people for versatility in food or meat products. (Joseph and Griffiths 63-69) This scandal has shattered the meat industry in Europe. The discovery of horsemeat in products being sold has caused the authorities in Britain and France immediate health concerns. As further investigations are still under process but discovery by Irish investigations have found horse and pig DNA in numerous hamburger products. In the view of officials until the investigations are confirmed and assurance is made, the EU commission can temporary ban the import of meat products or processed product in Britain. Although horse meat is used among several part o f the world but the food inspectors are concerned that the horse meat might contain any sort of veterinary drugs. Until material evidence comes up a ban cannot be made, creating anger and outrage in France and Britain. The pressure on the authorities to resolve the issue has increased by the common people. (Levs and Per Nyberg) STEPS TO RESOLVE THE ISSUE Now mentioning the horse-meat usage and way to resolve this shocking outbreak, the scandal has risen in the European region and so has the fears regarding the complex supply chains of Europe’s food market increased. It has come to my knowledge that as the issue has gained severity a number of food chain suppliers have pulled their cheaper line of meat products off the stores, as they are suspicious of it being contaminated of horse meat. To resolve the issue the officials (including me) appointed by the committee are struggling to reassure the confidence of consumers over the fresh beef products. It is reported that according to David Health, the Food minister the medical risks are very low, several tests are ongoing in the past few weeks and nothing can be concluded until the result is positive. Moving on to investigations, the police have arrested several men on suspicion of offences under the Fraud act to mislabel and sell horse meat as beef. One of the setbacks seen in this scandal is the lack of confidence of consumers on the biggest food suppliers in Britain. According to the experts laboratories are working around the clock but as the number of effected products is great, timely reports are a problem. (Carrington, James Meikle, and Simon Neville) Described above are the initial steps taken by my department of investigations, but besides this it is necessary to suggest an effective plan to overcome the issue as soon as possible. Firstly, a ban upon all the slaughter houses should be the first step, even if they are license slaughter houses. This ban won’t create a shortage of meat as when t hese slaughter house are closed, an alternate slaughter house should be brought in function under the supervision of a team to check the meat. Meanwhile, the government must formulate a policy that in future all the meat that comes in the country or supplied to shops be formally checked by labs. Secondly, as mentioned in this paper, ban upon imports for a limited time period,

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 179

Summary - Essay Example In connection to this, complications of masticatory organ are considered the third stomatological disease because of their chronicity and extensive prevalence. Their otolaryngological symptoms include sudden hearing loss, ear plugging sensation as well as earache, swallowing difficulties, vertigo, as well as tinnitus and sore and burning throat. The research method involved analyzing the response of medical interviews of patients undergoing prosthetic treatment. The result showed that earache as well as sudden hearing impairment was common. Temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) is claimed to cause the imbalance of the body. Research study involved use of questionnaires in evaluating the impact of TMD on cervical spine ROM as well as reduction of spinal pain. Treated (with occlusal splint) and control groups were used in the study. The result showed that treatment with occlusal splint improved TMJ function, cervical spine as well as reduction of spinal pain. In relation to this, chronic oral along with facial pain syndromes need the intervention of the physicians with medical specialties. Improper differentiation of other sources of pain from idiopathic facial pain results to improper treatment. Thus, characterization of pain resulting from trigeminal neuralgia as well as TMJ dysfunction is important before treatment. The study was aimed at identifying the correlation of sleep bruxism (SB), tinnitus and TMD. The result evidenced the association between TMD and tinnitus and lower magnitude association with SB. The absence of SB in presence of painful TMD was linked with tinnitus whereas the presence of both SB and painful TMD was associated with a very severe tinnitus. In connection with this, this study investigated the association of the occurrence of TMD in elderly with the palpation of TMJ in addition to masticatory and cervical muscles, presence of headache as well as

Events studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Events studies - Essay Example Yet, it is clear that the use of social media in the events industry results to immense benefits in advertising and efficient communication to the target customers. This research paper gives a detailed analysis of the use of social media in the events industry by looking into various studies that have been conducted across the globe. A recent study that was done by the Sheraton Hotels and Resorts revealed that most people consider social media to be an imperative aspect in their lives that they cannot do without. The same survey found an interesting fact that people are never truthful on what the post on various social media sited. This shows that there a clear line between members of the public and event companies who rely on social media to get honest feedback from their customers (Safko, 2010:15). Besides the simulated reality of social media, events bring individuals together. This is the most important duty that is performed by events professionals. The events industry is highly mobile and social and perfectly suited for various for the transformation that has taken place since the inception of Web 2. 0. Additionally, the second generation social media tools have resulted to the establishment of a better platform for promoting, communicating, collaborating and planning events. It is important to note that Web 2.0 paved the way for the social media applications that are present in the current times (Bruns, 2010:310). In spite of the fact that impact of the use of social media tools has not been fully understood, most event companies use the various social media tools. It is clear that the use of social media tools has increased in the current times. Various social media tools are used for online ticket as well as advertising. Findings from an online survey that was conducted on 1000 event organisers and promoters from various parts of the world including South America, Austria, North America, Switzerland and

The Definition Of Stress Psychology Essay

The Definition Of Stress Psychology Essay Stress  is a term that is commonly used today but has become increasingly difficult to define. It shares, to some extent, common meanings in both the biological and psychological sciences. Stress is the bodys reaction to a change that requires a physical, mental or emotional adjustment or response. Stress can be defined in terms of all people responding in the same biological way to the same stimulus, or as dependent upon the persons response to the stressor. Any perception of a stress stimulus triggers the persons physiological and psychological responses to situations or events that disturb the equilibrium. Stress is any event that a human being perceives as harmful or threatening. The body reacts to stress with fight or flight response. Stress hormones like adrenalin, dopamine, cortisol, noradrenalin, and endorphins are released in the blood when one experiences stress. The term  stress  had none of its contemporary connotations before the 1920s. In the 1920s and 1930s, the term was occasionally being used in biological and psychological circles to refer to a mental strain, unwelcome happening, or, more medically, a harmful environmental agent that could cause illness. Walter Cannon  used it in 1926 to refer to external factors that disrupted what he called homeostasis. Homeostasis is a concept central to the idea of stress. Environmental factors, internal or external stimuli, continually disrupt homeostasis.  Factors causing an organisms condition to waver away from homeostasis can be interpreted as stress. A life-threatening situation such as a physical insult or prolonged starvation can greatly disrupt homeostasis. Psychologists have defined stress in a variety of ways. Contemporary definitions of stress regard the external environmental stress as a stressor, the response to the stressor of distress, and the concept of stress as something that involves biochemical, physiological, behavioural and psychological changes. While there is little consensus among psychologists about the exact definition of stress, it is agreed that stress results when demands placed on an organism cause unusual physical, psychological, or emotional responses. In humans, stress originates from a multitude of sources and causes a wide variety of responses, both positive and beneficial (Eustress) and negative and harmful (Distress). The most commonly used definition of stress was developed by Lazarus and Launier (1978), who regarded stress as a transaction between people and the environment and described stress in terms of person-environment fit. Stress typically describes a negative concept that can have an impact on ones mental  and physical well-being, but it is unclear what exactly defines stress and whether or not stress is a cause, an effect, or the process connecting the two. With organisms as complex as humans, stress can take on entirely concrete or abstract meanings with highly subjective qualities, satisfying definitions of both cause and effect in ways that can be both tangible and intangible. Both negative and positive stressors can lead to stress. The intensity and duration of stress changes depending on the circumstances and emotional condition of the person suffering from it (Arnold. E and Boggs. K. 2007). Humans may all be faced with the same stressor (stimulus) but the stress response that they show will depend on their individual differences or gender or culture. Stress is an extremely adaptive phenomenon in a person which contributes to his/her survival, activities, and performance.1 Physical and psychological stress can induce a number of immunological alterations in the cell mediated.2 Stressors may influence the immune system through their impact on neuroendocrine, autonomic and central nervous system.3 Psychological stress may influence the functions of the immune system both indirectly through hormonal changes, and directly through nervous regulation during brief but acute stressful periods.4 Exposure to psychological stressors can modulate the primary antibody response.5,6 (4) Some common categories and examples of stressors include: Life experiences such as poverty, unemployment, clinical depression. Obsessive compulsive disorder, heavy drinking,  or insufficient sleep  can also cause stress. Students and workers may face performance pressure stress from exams  and project deadlines. The medical student: Medical students are frequently individuals with a long-standing need for caring, a capacity to tolerate, being in a providing, dispensing, and nurturing relationship with other people. It is not uncommon for medical students to have chosen medicine after a death of a family member or close friend, sometimes with the quite conscious desire to learn how to fight wasteful death. The goal of medical education is to graduate knowledgeable, skilful and professional physicians. The medical school curriculum has been developed to accomplish these ambitions. Medical students are a highly self-selected group who arrive in medical school with a set of developed abilities, motives, adaptive styles, and values that must be taken into account if we are to understand the impact of their medical studies on them. Teams of sociologists have studied the ways medical students organize themselves to excel and to manage the vast amounts of information that they should learn. They consider success in medical school as the first step to a future of helping others and they are not about to jeopardize that. Medical students as a group are attracted to medicine partly because of their special sensitivity to and concern on three psychological issues: death, suffering, and care. Secondly, medical students are distinguished by a preference for certain adaptive techniques, styles, and defences-specifically by a propensity to counter, master, and overcome sources of anxiety, a tendency to react to stress and anxiety. (3) Stress and medical studies: There is extensive literature demonstrating that medical students begin medical school with mental health profiles similar to their non-medical peers. Since the healing profession is distinctively motivated to confront the issues of suffering, death and care, issues that most of their fellows anxiously avoid, through the course of medical school, they experience substantial deterioration in their mental quality of life, due to stress and anxiety. Medical students have to deal with stressors specific to medical school in addition to normal stressors of everyday life which explains this high prevalence of anxiety. (1) Medicine is a kind of training which is emotionally demanding and therefore medical education can be regarded as stressful. High levels of stress have been found in medical students in various studies. Amongst medical students, stress has been reported to be caused by academic pressure, perfectionist standards, increased psychological pressure, mental tension and too much work load. The demanding nature of medical practice requires involvement with the most personal or emotionally draining aspects of life (human suffering, death, sexuality and fear) and these are considered to be stressors. Stress during medical school can lead to problems later in professional life compromising patient care. (1) Studies suggest that medical students experience a high incidence of stress with potential adverse consequences on academic performance, competency, professionalism and health. Medical students experience substantial stress from the beginning of the training process. Students use various coping mechanisms to process stress that vary by year in training and source of stress. The specific coping strategies that students use may determine the effect of stress on psychological and physical health and may determine whether stress has a positive or negative influence. Strategies that centre on disengagement such as problem avoidance, wishful thinking, social withdrawal and self-criticism have negative consequences and correlate with depression, anxiety and poor mental health. In contrast, strategies that involve engagement such as problem solving, positive re-interpretation, reliance on social support and expression of emotion enable medical students to respond in a manner that leads to adaptation, which can reduce stress. Medical education has deleterious consequences. Trainees (students, interns, and residents) suffer high levels of stress, which lead to alcohol and drug abuse,  interpersonal relationship difficulties, depression and anxiety,  and even suicide.  Medical students have mean anxiety scores one standard deviation above those of non-patients. (12) Studies which have tried to identify the sources of stress among medical students generally concern three main areas : academic stress: enormous syllabus to be covered in a limited time, sudden change in their style of studying, flooding of medical science with new concepts, lack of proper guidance, thought of failing in exams, inadequate time allocated to clinical posting, insufficient bed side teaching, social stress : relationship with peer groups, hostel friends, senior teachers, displacement from home, expectations of parents, peer pressure, change in the medium of education, physical stress : inadequate hostel facilities, hostel food etc. (5) Anxiety is also associated with feeling of loneliness, peer competition, long hours and loss of social time. The majority of stressful incidents in traditional curricula are related to medical training rather than to personal problems. (7) Stress may not only impair the quality of life of medical students but can also influence patient care and the complex psychodynamics of the doctor- patient relationship. (5) Stress is receiving increased attention because of the realization that tired, tense, anxious doctors may not provide as high quality care as do those who do not suffer from these debilitating conditions. A medical career can be particularly stressful due to the combination of involvement with life and death and the high expectations of medicine and of doctors held by both the public and doctors themselves. Partly as a result of these pressures and the need to acquire a substantial body of knowledge and skills, medical students experience considerable anxiety at various stages in the curriculum (Arndt et al., 1986; Firth, 1986; Firth-Cozens, 1987; Kidson Hornblow, 1982; Moss McManus, 1992; Tooth et al., 1989). Such anxieties may result in, for example, reduced examination performance (Tooth et al., 1989), increased alcohol consumption (Firth, 1986) and attempted suicide (Warren Wakeford, 1990). (6) Some students may perceive factors such as nutrition, exercise routines, sleep patterns, social activities, having a child to care for, job responsibilities, finances as stressors that they need to overcome in order to achieve a higher academic standing. By themselves, these constraints may have no effect at all on a student, but when combined, a student could perceive them as stressful and these stress factors could have a dramatic effect on a students academic performance. Exam stress during medical studies: Medical students are repeatedly subjected to rigorous examinations in order to check their potential to be a doctor as they have to deal with human life every single day. They have chosen a career which demands not only responsibilities but also ethical and legal liability for others lives. The onus of this responsibility and sheer volume of syllabus places a medical student under tremendous stress prior to professional exams. This stress may manifest with varying magnitude of anxiety (Kidson and Hornblow, 1982) and decrease in psychological health (Aktekin et al, 2001). (13) To a student, the prospect of sitting for an examination could be identified as a stressor and the resulting emotional and physiological state could be described as an exam stress. (4) Many students experience anxiety before a test or exam; a little bit of nervousness can actually enhance performance. However, if stress levels rise to the point where they inhibit performance on the test, then this is considered exam stress. 92% of students said that they got worried during exam time; one fifth of students surveyed revealed that they had suffered anxiety attacks as a result of pre-exam stress. Furthermore, 61% of those questioned cited lack of sleep/insomnia as a result of stress, 51% said that they suffer from headaches or migraines and 47% admitted turning to the one of the worlds best comforts, food. (10) Here below are some of the symptoms of exam stress, which can vary widely in intensity. Some test-takers experience only mild anxiety, and still perform well, but others are left nearly unable to function, failing the test or even experiencing a panic attack. Physical symptoms of exam stress include tremors, sweating, dry mouth, nausea, rapid heartbeat and even fainting. Milder cases include symptoms of butterflies in the stomach, but severe cases can lead to physical illness which must be treated. Behavioural and cognitive symptoms include defiant avoidance of exam situations, or just a little fidgeting. In some cases, exam stress can become so severe that the student is forced to drop out of school entirely just to avoid testing. Many students attempt self-medication with alcohol or drugs; still others report blanking out completely, or experiencing difficulty concentrating, inability to control thoughts and a negative outlook, which are all common behavioural / cognitive symptoms of exam stress. Emotional symptoms of exam stress include low self-esteem, anger, depression and feelings of despair. The students taking the test often feel unable to do anything about their situation, so they may berate or belittle themselves about their performance and their feelings. Exam stress is reported to have a significant impact on the well-being of the student and is associated with changes in the mental and physical health such as increasing anxiety, increasing negative mood and changes in the functions of the immune system. (4) In other words, the exam is one of the stressful events associated with lowered immune system function.14 Academic examinations have often been used in stress research because they are predictable, standardized, and discrete examples of real-life stressors. It was demonstrated that this stress caused a significant neurohormonal change. A small but significant increase in their emotional distress is indicated by an increase in anxiety during the final examination. Glucocorticoids can downregulate the immune activity, but acute stresses were reported to increase the cortisol level.19 Results show that the exam stress can result in significant increase in the cortisol level. (4) According to a study conducted by Shamsdin, et.al. (2010) on thirty five university medical students, two blood samples were provided from each participant one month (first stage) and one hour (second stage) before the exam. The results show that stress has determining effects on the immune response. The exam stress can result a significant increase in the cortisol level. So, these changes may indicate the alterations of immunological status and presence of stress in an immunosuppressed individual, affecting his / her health. Under stressful conditions, the hypothalamus releases corticotrophins into the blood circulation and when it reaches the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, adrenocorticotrophic hormones are released into the blood circulation. When this reaches the adrenal gland, lucocorticoids are released which are chemicals that modulate or regulate the immune response. Since lymphocytes have receptors for glucocorticoids as well as other steroid hormones associated with r esponses to stress, the brain and immune system are sufficiently well connected to one to influence the other. Exam stress  involves a combination of physiological over-arousal, worry and dread about test performance, and often interferes with normal learning and lowers test performance. It is a physiological condition in which people experience extreme stress, anxiety, and discomfort during and/or before taking a test. Exam stress is prevalent amongst the student populations of the world, and has been studied formally since the early 1950s. During states of excitement or stress the body releases the hormone adrenaline. This hormone is responsible for preparing the body for danger, or the fight or flight response. Adrenaline is known to cause the physical symptoms one might experience that accompany exam stress such as increased heart rate, sweating, and rapid breathing.  [3]   Symptoms of exam stress can range from moderate to severe. Students who exhibit moderate symptoms are still able to perform relatively well on exams.  [5]  Other students with severe stress will often experience panic attacks. Student expectations are one major mental factor. For example, if a student believes that he or she will perform poorly on an exam, he/she is far more likely to become anxious before and during a test. (9) Exam stress is the emotional reaction that some students face before exams. The fear is not irrational, but excessive fear interferes with performance. Many researchers suggest that a little worry is good for students because it keeps them task oriented; however excessive worry on the other hand can be very debilitating and interferes with the results if not managed appropriately. (2) Exam stress is a set of responses that includes excessive worry, depression, nervousness and irrelevant thinking to a class of stimuli from an individuals experience of assessment / test and outcome. It is experienced by many students while undertaking any exam. There are four main areas of reported stresses which can contribute to exam stress including life style issues, lack of required information, studying style and psychological factors. (2) Life styles related issues include inadequate rest, insufficient physical activity, poor nutrition and lack of time management are found to be the contributing factors leading to exam stress as reported by many authors. Psychological factors which contribute significantly to exam stress are negative and irrational thinking about exams, outcomes of exams and feelings of no control over exam situation (e.g. going blank during exam) are reported by many authors. Students perception of extensive course load is also reported to cause exam stress in medical students. Examination system itself is a major stress factor for medical students. (2) In other words, the phrase exam is the same stimulus, but some medical students will be feeling very worked up about the exam, others will be more laid back. The internal and behavioural response will be different for each of them. Psychologists try to find out the factors affecting this interaction and stress management depends on the perceived interaction and response. Gender is likely to be an important factor in students anxiety. Women are reported to be more anxious than men, both overall and for most individual situations. (6) Anxiety levels increase in medical students just before exams, with female students found to be more anxious than males, shows a study undertaken by the Armed forces Medical College (AFMC), Pune, India (Pahwa, et. al., 2008). (14) According to this study labelled A study of exam related anxiety amongst medical students pre-exam anxiety levels are seen to be higher in female than male population indicating greater increase in anxiety levels amongst females. This is in agreement with other studies that substantiate presence of sex differences in exam related anxiety, with female students having higher test anxiety than male students (Chapell et al 2005, Eller et al 2006). (13) Females are more likely to report concern and stress due to self expectation, a feeling of lack of competence and a tendency to over report symptoms. (1) Comparison of rankings between 1992 and 1995 Birmingham students shows that rankings were consistent over time for both genders, particularly for the higher ranked questions. More detailed analysis of the 1995 data shows that individual female students were more likely to have higher total scores than male students. (6) All stress factors were more common among female students with statistically significant differences in factors which included: studying all night before exams, feeling no control over exam situations, improper nutrition and lack of exercise. Personality and stress: Mental health professionals believe personality plays a significant role in how individuals perceive stress (Martin, 2011). Lazarus and Folkman (1984) define stress as a product of the relationship between the person and the environment. Stress occurs when a person appraises a stressful event as exceeding his / her coping abilities or threatening his / her well being. Personality can influence both health related and everyday behaviours and is also related to an individuals appraisal of a stressful experience (Booth-Kewley, 1994). Stress is not a simple, stimulus-response reaction; rather it is the interaction between an individual and the environment, involving subjective perception and assessment of stressors, thus constituting a highly personalised process. Specific inherited characteristics, early experience in life, and in particular, learned cognitive predispositions make individuals more or less susceptible to the effects of stressors. Resilience and vulnerability to stressors as well as intensity of stress response mainly depend on age, gender, intelligence, and many other characteristics of personality (19). (Psychiatrike. 2011. Stress and personality. Lecic-Tosevski D, Vukovic O, Stepanovic J. psychiatric Department, Belgrade University, School of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia.) Research has indicated that certain personality traits can make individuals more vulnerable to stress. There is a number of personality traits that could be described which measure human personality. A broad and comprehensive way of identifying the traits and structure of human personality is the Five Factor model (Digman, 1990). J.M. (1990). (Personality structure: Emergence of the five-factor model.Annual Review of Psychology  41: 417-440). Five Factor Model: This model has originated in a decades-long factor-analytic research tradition (13). Most researchers goal was to create a brief inventory that would allow efficient and flexible assessment of the five dimensions when there is no need for more differentiated measurement of individual facets. (6) Big Five has proven useful as a framework for organizing any findings on adult personality in areas such as behavioural genetics and industrial psychology. (6) The five factor model of personality is better understood as a lexical and factor analytic derived personality approach (Haslam, 2007). McCrae and Costa (1991) claim that this model provides a comprehensive taxonomy of personality traits. However this model has not always been regarded as noteworthy (McAdams, 1992). McCrae and Costa have conducted a lot of research on the model, including cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs (Cavanaugh Blanchard-Fields, 2006) and they argue that the model includes a large number of traits found in language and scientific theory. Thus, this model allows for a systematic approach to personality (12). The five factors model is more than a simple classification of basic personality traits. By the late 1980s, Costa and McCrae were convinced that they and other researchers had found a stable structure of personality. (11) In McCrae and Costas (1996, 1999, 2003) personality theory , behaviour is predicted by understanding the three central or core components and the three peripheral ones. The three central components include (1) basic tendencies, (2) characteristic adaptations, and (3) self-concept. (11) The five factors are labelled by McCrae and Costa (1992) as extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience. These dimensions make up the personality traits of the five-factor model, which is often referred to as the Big Five (Goldberg, 1981). The first of the five factors is extraversion. Extraversion has a different importance in different measures. Sometimes it is based on assertiveness, sometimes on spontaneity and energy. Sometimes it is based on dominance, confidence, and agency (Depue Collins 1999), sometimes on a tendency toward happiness. Extraversion is often thought to be implying sociability (Ashton et al. 2002). Others see a sense of agency and a sense of sociability as two facets of extraversion (Depue Morrone- Strupinsky 2005). Finally, others argue sociability is a by-product of other features of extraversion (Lucas et al. 2000). A connection has also been made between extraversion and the approach temperament; thus, some now view extraversion as reflecting a relative sensitivity of a general approach system (DepueCollins 1999, Caspi Shiner 2006, Caspi et al. 2005, ElliottThrash 2002, Evans Rothbart 2007). People who score high on extraversion tend to be affectionate, jovial, talkative, joiners, and fun-loving. In contrast, low extraversion scorers are likely to be reserved, quiet, loners, passive, and unable to express strong emotion (11). The second factor, neuroticism, refers to the ease and frequency with which a person becomes upset and distressed. Moodiness, anxiety, and depression indicate higher neuroticism. Measures often include items or facets relevant to hostility and other negative feelings, but they are dominated by vulnerability to anxiety and general distress. Neuroticism has been associated with the avoidance temperament discussed above (Caspi Shiner 2006, Caspi et al. 2005, EvansRothbart 2007), suggesting that anxiety and sensitivity to threat is its emotional core. People who score high on neuroticism tend to be anxious, temperamental, self-pitying, self-conscious, emotional, and vulnerable to stress related disorders. Those who score low on neuroticism are usually calm, even-tempered, self-satisfied, and unemotional. (11) The next factor is agreeableness. Agreeable people are friendly and helpful ( John Srivastava 1999), empathic (Graziano et al. 2007), and capable of inhibiting their negative feelings (Graziano Eisenberg 1999). Agreeable people become angry over others transgressions than do less agreeable people (Meier Robinson 2004), and this probably short-circuits aggression (Meier et al. 2006). At the opposite pole is an oppositional or antagonistic quality. People who are low in agreeableness display their power to deal with social conflict (Graziano et al. 1996). Agreeableness as a dimension is often characterized as being broadly concerned with maintaining relationships (Jensen- Campbell Graziano 2001). People who score high on agreeableness tend to be trusting, generous, yielding, acceptant, and good-natured. Those who score low are generally suspicious, stingy, unfriendly, irritable, and critical of other people (11). The most commonly used label for the next factor is conscientiousness, although this label does not fully represent the qualities of planning, persistence, and purposeful trying to achieve goals that are part of it (Digman Inouye 1986). Other suggested names include constraint and responsibility, reflecting qualities of impulse control and reliability. Specific qualities included in this trait vary considerably across measures (Roberts et al. 2005). Individuals who score high on conscientiousness are hardworking, conscientious, punctual, and persevering. In contrast, people who score low on conscientiousness tend to be disorganized, negligent, lazy, and aimless and are likely to give up when a project becomes too difficult (11). Agreeableness and conscientiousness share an important property. Both suggest breadth of perspective. Many manifestations of conscientiousness imply taking future contingencies into account. Agreeableness implies a broad social perspective: taking the needs of others into account. It has been suggested that both of these traits have their origins in the effortful control temperament (Ahadi Rothbart 1994, Caspi Shiner 2006, Jensen-Campbell et al. 2002). The fifth factor, most often called openness to experience (Costa McCrae 1985), is the one about which there is most disagreement as far as content is concerned. Some measures (and theories) enrich this factor with greater overtones of intelligence, terming it intellect (Peabody Goldberg 1989). The fifth factor involves curiosity, flexibility, imaginativeness, and willingness to immerse oneself in atypical experiences (McCrae 1996). People who consistently seek out different and varied experiences would score high on openness to experience. They are creative, imaginative, curious, liberal and have a preference for variety. Those who score low on openness tend to support traditional values and to preserve a fixed style of living and they are typically conventional, down-to-earth, conservative, and not at all curious. (13) Big Five and Medical students: Most of the research on the Big Five is based on self and peer ratings, typically made by college students. (6) Conscientiousness, agreeableness and openness have been shown to be related significantly to academic performance (Poropat, 2009). (15) Neuroticism, in contrast, has a negative significant relationship with academic performance. The relation between educational operation and neuroticism, particularly with regard to anxiety in stressful situations such as university examinations has been clarified 14 (18). It is often claimed that, besides cognitive abilities, a mixture of personality characteristics is necessary for people to be successful in medical studies and eventually in the medical profession. However, there is debate as to which personality traits are typical of students in medical studies as compared to students in other academic fields 1-3. (5) A study conducted by Nauert (2009) which was labelled Personality profile of medical students studied more than 600 Belgian students over their seven years of medical studies to determine what impact their personality had on their performance. The researchers employed a commonly used test to measure the Big Five personality traits. Although the study was conducted in Belgium, the personality factors and the modern medical practices are similar around the world so personality should consistently relate to valued outcomes in medical education. Personality traits can reveal a lot about how students perform during the different demands and emphases of a students medical studies. For example, trait conscientiousness was a good predictor of learning success throughout the medical studies of the students. The researchers speculated that extraverted students are more likely to spend less time on studying than on their social relationships during the first years of medical school, which could hinder their academic performance and result in lower grades, whereas students who scored well in persistence and conscientiousness experienced success in their studies (Grohol, 2009). Big Five and Stress: Personality has been linked to the probability of experiencing stressful situations (Bolger Zuckerman, 1995) and to the evaluation of an event as stressful (Guthert, Cohen Armeli, 1999). Stress plays a role in personality/psychopathology associations (Klein, Wonderlich, Shea, 1993). Stressful reactions act as a medi

Mary Flannery OConnor :: essays research papers fc

Mary Flannery O'Connor is one of the most preeminent and more unique short story authors in American Literature (O'Connor 1). While growing up she lived in the Bible-belt South during the post World War II era of the United States. O'Connor was part of a strict Roman Catholic family, but she depicts her characters as Fundamentalist Protestants. Her characters are also severely spiritually or physically disturbed and have a tendancy to be violent, arrogant or overly stupid. (Garraty 582) She mixes in her works a full-fledged gothic eeriness with an authentic feeling for the powers of grace and redemption. O'Connor's substantial literary reputation is based upon her two novels and her short stories collected in Everything That Rises Must Converge (1965), A Good Man is Hard to Find (1955), and The Complete Short Stories of Flannery O'Connor. Despite the fact that her unique style of writing has caused many judgments and rumors about her, O'Connor has received many awards and honors thr oughout her entire life. On March 25, 1925, Mary Flannery O'Connor was born in Savannah, Georgia as a first and only child to a strict Roman Catholic couple. Her parents were Edward Francis O'Connor, a real estate broker, and Regina L. Cline O'Connor. (Garraty 581) Until 1938 O'Connor attended St. Vincent and Sacred Heart Parochial Schools. She was known as Mary in grade school but eventually dropped it and went by Flannery O'Connor. (Garraty 581) During grade school O'Connor claimed that her hobby was collecting rejection slips. Then the family moved to the Cline house in Milledgeville, Georgia when her father became sick with disseminated lupus. Lupus is a disease of the connective tissue, which would later claim her life. While in Milledgeville, O'Connor went to school at Peabody High School (Garraty 582). During high school she wrote and illustrated books while still maintaining a high academic average. Her father died of lupus in 1941. In 1942, at the age of 16, O'Connor entered Georgia State College fo r Women, which is now known as Georgia College. (O'Connor 2) During college O'Connor majored in social sciences (O'Connor 2). She also drew cartoons and made illustrations for college paper and yearbook. O'Connor also edited the college literary magazine (Garraty 582). One of her professors started off her writing career by submitting some of her works to the Writers' Workshop at the University of Iowa, because of this she was awarded a Rhinehart Fellowship.

The National Security Council

The National Security Council was instituted under the aegis of the 1947 National Security Act (Public Law 235 – 61 Stat. 496; U.S.C. 402 n.d.). It was subsequently modified   by the 1949 National Security Act Amendments, which made it a component of the US President’s Executive Office (63 Stat. 579; 50 U.S.C. 401 et seq n.d.). Its primary task is to advice the President in respect of issues affecting domestic, foreign and military policies (National Security Council 2007).The chairman of the National Security Council is the President of the US. Its deliberations are customarily attended by the Vice President, the Secretaries to the departments of Defense, State and the Treasury and the National Security Affairs Assistant to the President. The Director of National Intelligence and the Joint Chiefs of Staff are the respective intelligence and military advisors to the National Security Council. In addition, the President’s Counsel, the Presidential Assistant for Economic Policy and the President’s Chief of Staff are invitees to every National Security Council meeting. Moreover, the US Attorney General’s and other senior officials’ presence is solicited in the National Security Council meetings, wherever deemed appropriate (National Security Council. The White House n.d.).The primary Presidential framework for scrutinizing matters that affect national security and foreign policy is the National Security Council. In conjunction with cabinet officials and senior advisors the President resolves such issues. Moreover, the National Security Council is the President’s cardinal agency for this purpose (National Security Council. The White House n.d.).The National Security Council’s primary members are the President, the Vice President, the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of State. Its staff members are headed by the national security advisor and it constitutes a foreign policy formulating instrument, which is not governed by the State Department (National Security Council. In Britannica Concise Encyclopedia 2006).This council has a number of advisors and the chief amongst them are the CIA director and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Its purpose has been enhanced to provide information and advice regarding foreign policy, intelligence and the military. This expansion transpired in the 1970s and prior to that its function was limited to policymaking and coordinating the efforts of the different agencies involved. Consequent to this growth, the National Security Council commenced to supervise the CIA and to indulge in clandestine intelligence operations. Its endeavors in this area, especially in the Iran – Contra Affair earned it severe opprobrium and a call for it to refrain from such overt operations (National Security Council. In The Great American History Fact-Finder 2004).The national security advisor provides crucial advice to the President regarding foreign affai rs. Some of the better known incumbents were Walt Rostow, Henry Kissinger of Shuttle Diplomacy fame, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Admiral John Poindexter and Lt-Gen Colin Powell. Kissinger was so influential with Nixon that he contrived to override the Secretary of State on several occasions (national security adviser.In The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas 2005). National Security Council. (2004). In The Great American History Fact-Finder. Retrieved November 06, 2007, from DISPLAYURL â€Å"National Security Council.† The Great American History Fact-Finder. 2004. CredoReference. 06 November 2007 . The Great American History Fact-Finder, 2004, s.v. â€Å"National Security Council,† DISPLAYURL (accessed November 06, 2007). http://search.credoreference.com/auth/indexThus, the National Security Council supervises the CIA, and contrives, synchronizes and appraises the defense policies of the US. It was accorded enormous importance by President Eisenhower, in the c ontext of his security policy.Works Citedâ€Å"63 Stat. 579; 50 U.S.C. 401 et seq.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"National Security Council .† Microsoft ® Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2007, 2007.National Security Council. In The Great American History Fact-Finder . 2004. http://search.credoreference.com/auth/index (accessed November 6, 2007).National Security Council. The White House. https://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/ (accessed November 6, 2007).â€Å"Public Law 235 – 61 Stat. 496; U.S.C. 402.† The National Security Council The National Security Council was instituted under the aegis of the 1947 National Security Act (Public Law 235 – 61 Stat. 496; U.S.C. 402 n.d.). It was subsequently modified   by the 1949 National Security Act Amendments, which made it a component of the US President’s Executive Office (63 Stat. 579; 50 U.S.C. 401 et seq n.d.). Its primary task is to advice the President in respect of issues affecting domestic, foreign and military policies (National Security Council 2007).The chairman of the National Security Council is the President of the US. Its deliberations are customarily attended by the Vice President, the Secretaries to the departments of Defense, State and the Treasury and the National Security Affairs Assistant to the President. The Director of National Intelligence and the Joint Chiefs of Staff are the respective intelligence and military advisors to the National Security Council. In addition, the President’s Counsel, the Presidential Assistant for Economic Policy and the President’s Chief of Staff are invitees to every National Security Council meeting. Moreover, the US Attorney General’s and other senior officials’ presence is solicited in the National Security Council meetings, wherever deemed appropriate (National Security Council. The White House n.d.).The primary Presidential framework for scrutinizing matters that affect national security and foreign policy is the National Security Council. In conjunction with cabinet officials and senior advisors the President resolves such issues. Moreover, the National Security Council is the President’s cardinal agency for this purpose (National Security Council. The White House n.d.).The National Security Council’s primary members are the President, the Vice President, the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of State. Its staff members are headed by the national security advisor and it constitutes a foreign policy formulating instrument, which is not governed by the State Department (National Security Council. In Britannica Concise Encyclopedia 2006).This council has a number of advisors and the chief amongst them are the CIA director and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Its purpose has been enhanced to provide information and advice regarding foreign policy, intelligence and the military. This expansion transpired in the 1970s and prior to that its function was limited to policymaking and coordinating the efforts of the different agencies involved. Consequent to this growth, the National Security Council commenced to supervise the CIA and to indulge in clandestine intelligence operations. Its endeavors in this area, especially in the Iran – Contra Affair earned it severe opprobrium and a call for it to refrain from such overt operations (National Security Council. In The Great American History Fact-Finder 2004).The national security advisor provides crucial advice to the President regarding foreign affai rs. Some of the better known incumbents were Walt Rostow, Henry Kissinger of Shuttle Diplomacy fame, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Admiral John Poindexter and Lt-Gen Colin Powell. Kissinger was so influential with Nixon that he contrived to override the Secretary of State on several occasions (national security adviser. In The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas 2005). National Security Council. (2004). In The Great American History Fact-Finder. Retrieved November 06, 2007, from DISPLAYURL â€Å"National Security Council.† The Great American History Fact-Finder. 2004. CredoReference. 06 November 2007 . The Great American History Fact-Finder, 2004, s.v. â€Å"National Security Council,† DISPLAYURL (accessed November 06, 2007). http://www.credoreference.com/entry/6601167Thus, the National Security Council supervises the CIA, and contrives, synchronizes and appraises the defense policies of the US. It was accorded enormous importance by President Eisenhower, in the context of his security policy.Works Citedâ€Å"63 Stat. 579; 50 U.S.C. 401 et seq.†national security adviser. In The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas . 2005. http://www.credoreference.com/entry/6450391 (accessed November 06, 2007).â€Å"National Security Council .† Microsoft ® Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2007, 2007.National Security Council. In Britannica Concise Encyclopedia . 2006. http://www.credoreference.com/entry/6710540 (accessed November 06, 2007).National Security Council. In The Great American History Fact-Finder . 2004. http://www.credoreference.com/entry/6601167 (accessed November 6, 2007).National Security Council. The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/ (accessed November 6, 2007).â€Å"Public Law 235 – 61 Stat. 496; U.S.C. 402.†

How to Use Transition Words in Academic Writings - Paperell.com

How to Use Transition Words in Academic Writings How to Use Transition Words in Academic Writings What Are Transition Words?Transition words refer to words or phrases that join sentences and paragraphs together smoothly without causing abrupt jumps or breaks between ideas. They are either words or phrases that connect one idea to the other.In the English Language they are vital because they connect ideas, introduce a certain shift, contrast or opposition, emphasis or agreement, purpose, result or conclusion and so on. Interestingly, all transition words and phrases perform different functions.List of Transition Words with ExamplesListed above are few of the transition words to use in an essay or essays. There are numerous transition words and they all could be confusing if not categorized. See below them organized by categories based on purpose: Additive CategoryAdditive category compared to others is the largest of all four categories and subdivided into six groups as explained below:Addition transition words add value to sentences. Examples include indeed, also, in addition, as a matter of fact, alternatively, in fact, and, too, nor, furthermore, moreover, actually, etc.Example: I hate snakes; as a matter of fact, I hate all reptiles.Introduction transition words are transition words to use at the beginning of a paragraph to introduce thoughts perfectly e.g. for instance, particularly, by way of example, including, to illustrate, especially, such as, for example, notably, like, as, in particular,Example: For example, reptiles include snakes, lizards, iguanas, crocodiles, alligators etc.Reference transition words attract the attention of readers to the object of discourse. Examples include speaking about, as for (this), concerning (this), the fact that, etc.Example: The fact that human beings evolve from chimpanzees according to Darwin has been proven wrong.Similarity transition words link two objects with similar characteristics or features. Importantly, they add stylistic perfection to writes include either way, whichever happens, in either case, in any case, all the same, at any rate,etc.Example: In any case, the value of gravity on earth will always be 10 m/s2.Replacement transition words define the connection between objects in a sentence. For effect, you can use them smartly when writing academic articles or papers. Examples of these include (or) at least, instead, (or) rather etc.Example: For lunch, I would have cake or at least doughnuts.Causal CategoryThe causal category addresses causes include for the purpose of, in order that, so that, lest, to the end that, with this in mind, etc.Example: I heard a creepy sound in my basement last night; so, with this in mind, I armed myself with a torchlight and a baseball bat ready for action.Consequence transition words explain results of actions e.g. under those circumstances,then, in that case, if not, otherwise etc.Example: With the sparkplug dead and the radiator out, under those circumstances, it would be a miracle for that car to run.Condition transition words help readers to un derstand the logical flow of academic works or research papers e.g. provided that, in the event that, as/so long as, unless, even if, only if, given that, etc.Example: As long as the President remains in power, protests will continue.Sequential CategoryThe sequential elements illustrate the sequence of events and can divide words thus:Numerical transition words underline the strength of thoughts in sentences (logically. Examples include in the (first, second, etc.) place, initially, first of all, to start with etc.Example: First, I would like you to state your mission here, and second, explain why so early.Continuation transition words draw the continuity between objects, thoughts, actions and so on for logically connection and better understanding. Examples include subsequently, previously, next, before (this), afterwards, then, and so on.Example: Previously, we discussed evolution and now we proceed with its theories.Conclusion transition words are used to derive conclusions. You can use them in articles, research work etc. They add forcefulness to the conclusions. Examples include to conclude (with), finally, at last, lastly, eventually, as a final point etc.Example: To conclude, I would like to draw a connection between apes and humans.Digression transition words change the topic of the sentence or discussion to other essential information. Examplesinclude incidentally, by the way, to change the topic, and so on.Example: To change the topic, let us talk about you for a second.Resumption transition words add stylistic accent to sentences or statements. However, do not overuse them becauseyour writing will be watery. They include to get back to the point, to resume, anyway, anyhow, at any rate, to return to the subject etc fall under this category.Example: Anyway, with that out of the way, let us continue with the discussion. Summation transition words are used to summarize information in a writing. Examples include as we previously stated, so, consequently, in summary, thus, as has been noted, to put it briefly, hence, in conclusion, altogether, therefore and so on.Example: As we previously stated, transition sets puts professional touch in your writing.How to Use Transition WordsTransition words and phrases form imperative parts of articles, papers, presentations etc. They, of course, give logical organization and structure to literary works. Besides the importance of transition sets or phrases, their usage is more important.The wrong usage would render your article useless, hence its importance. All English transition words and phrases are sometimes also called conjunctive adverbs. Since they link two words, phrases or clauses, they have the same function as coordinating conjunctions.To use transition words effectively, you must adhere to the special rules of usage punctuation. Insert a semicolon or full stop after the initial sentence. Then almost always add a comma to separate the transition word from the second sentence.Example 1:Children spent most of their free time playing; however, they are forced to be productive when adults are around.At other times, transition phrases can begin a sentence and, in that case, add a comma (if needed) after it.Example 2:In conclusion, transition words add color and life to essays.Note also that when using a semicolon to connect sentences, ensure that the group of words on either side of the semicolon can stand alone i.e. they must be complete sentences with a subject and a verb.Wrapping upTransition sets enriches writings, therefore select good transition words to use in essays or academic papers. In conclusion, avoid over-use, wrong usage and know when to use transition words.

King Leopalds Ghost essays

King Leopalds Ghost essays King Leopold of Belgium, writes historian Adam Hochschild in this grim history, did not much care for his native land or his subjects, all of which he dismissed as "small country, small people." Even so, he searched the globe to find a colony for Belgium, frantic that the scramble of other European powers for overseas dominions in Africa and Asia would leave nothing for himself or his people. When he eventually found a suitable location in what would become the Belgian Congo, later known as Zaire and now simply as Congo, Leopold set about establishing a rule of terror that would culminate in the deaths of 4 to 8 million indigenous people, "a death toll," Hochschild writes, "of Holocaust dimensions." Those who survived went to work mining ore or harvesting rubber, yielding a fortune for the Belgian king, who salted away billions of dollars in hidden bank accounts throughout the world. Hochschild's fine book of historical inquiry, which draws heavily on eyewitness accounts of the colon ialists' savagery, brings this little-studied episode in European and African history into new light. The Berlin Conference of 1884 established the ground rules amongst the Europeans for partitioning the resources of Africa. At this conference, King Leopold II of Belgium was granted permission to take over and claim the Congo, as long as his reasons were purely philanthropic. King Leopold II was a world known Philanthropist and he had no problem convincing the world that his intentions were good. His good deeds of the past acted as a perfect cover for his undisclosed intentions. Leopold II, 18351909, was the king of the Belgians from (18651909). He was the son and successor of Leopold I. He was born in Brussels and originally named Louis Philippe Marie Victor. At an early age he entered the Belgian army, and in 1853 he married Maria Henrietta, daughter of Joseph, archduke of Austria. His nephew, Albert I, succeeded him. In 1876 Ki...

Comprehensive Assessment of Dementia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Comprehensive Assessment of Dementia - Essay Example In order to develop an effective care plan for the patient, the following must be determined about the patient: Presenting Problem The nurse would collect information on the patient’s dementia, including signs and symptoms of the disease. Moreover, the nurse should identify the aspects of the patient’s life that have been affected by dementia (Smith and Buckwalter, 2005). History Information about the events prior to the dementia, and any records that may lead to a clear picture of underlying factors should be collected. For instance, these records would help to point out if the cause of the dementia is a factor that can be controlled or if the situation cannot be reversed (Nhs.uk, 2010). Medical Status This would indicate if the patient has had any prior treatment for the condition, and if the condition has been improving, deteriorating, or has not been affected by the treatment. This would enable the nurse to decide if the patient needs alternative medication or needs to first complete the current regimen. Routine tests like haematology, thyroid function tests, biochemistry tests and serology should be used as indicators of physiological causes and results of the condition. Specific tests like memory assessment should point out the exact condition of the patient based on tests that indicate current body function; these tests include AMTS, MMSC, 3MS, and CASI (Teng and Chui, 2007). Day-to-Day Functioning This analysis helps to determine if the patient needs further supportive care in addition to medication, or medication is enough to get the patient to live independently and productively. For instance, the patient should be assessed for inconsistencies in cognitive function including poor judgment, memory lapses and loss of reasoning capacity (Gleason, 2003). Support A patient needs support from family and friends, religious and community groups, and from social care service institutions. The nurse has to determine if these stakeholders support t he patient as is necessary to aid in the dementia control efforts (Shub and Kunik, 2009). The nurse can then incorporate participation of family and friends in order to accelerate and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of intervention measures. Evidence of Abuse or Neglect The patient should be assessed for any evidence of mistreatment, including identification of the nature of the mistreatment, if possible (Karlawish and Clark, 2003). This is important in that the patient is taken to an environment that does not expose them to abuse or neglect, which may worsen the condition. Detailed Care Plan to Guide Jack’s Care Interventions for patients with dementia are focused on three main pathologies of the condition; they include interventions for cognitive disorders, intervention for non-cognitive disorders, and interventions for emotional disorders. One or a combination of these interventions should be used depending on the condition of the patient. Interventions for Cognit ive Symptoms These are divided into pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions; depending on the condition of the patient and underlying functions, the latter are the more recommended of these interventions.

THE PHYSICS OF SPORTS BIOMECHANICS AND ITS SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATION IN Essay

THE PHYSICS OF SPORTS BIOMECHANICS AND ITS SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATION IN THE PHYSICAL EDUCATION CURRICULLUM - Essay Example On the other hand, the Oxford Dictionary (2005) defines curriculum as the "subjects included in a course of study.† This purports the idea that every discipline needs a defined means of in depth study and, therefore, physical education curriculum is essential as a right approach to sports program. A methodical, scientific study approach will help in removing the anomalies like injuries and other mishaps. The right education leads to establishing good health and the right sport programs for students will be instrumental for future generations as the core for improved health and fitness. Mechanics is a branch of physics that relates to the description of motion and how forces create motion, as well as other physical laws, which are essential for movements. Within mechanics are two sub-fields of studies: statics, which is the study of systems that are in a state of constant motion either at rest or at motion; and dynamics, which is the study of systems in motion in which acceleration is present, which may involve kinematics. In addition, correlation between physics and sport biomechanics is a concept of work through mechanical energy for the creation of a motion. Physics, through physical education, takes part in the educational system as a planned, sequential K-12 curriculum that provides cognitive content and learning experiences in a variety of activity areas. These include basic movement skills; physical fitness; rhythm and dance; games; team, dual, and individual sports; tumbling and gymnastics. Besides a variety of planned physical activities, each student need s to be trained with optimum physical, mental, emotional, and social development and should promote activities and sports that all students not only enjoy but can also pursue throughout their lives (Stilwell, 2005). Biomechanics takes part in kinesiology for a precise description and a qualitative analysis of human movement, as well as the study of the cases of human movement, which is relevant

Double Jeopardy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Double Jeopardy - Essay Example One of her fellow inmates offers her a piece of legal advice concerning the 5th amendment of the US constitution called the double jeopardy clause (Rudstein 14). Due to the double jeopardy clause provided by the constitution, Elizabeth will not get convicted again for shooting and killing his husband in the film. The double jeopardy clause will provide that she does not become re-prosecuted for the same crime that she committed and got convicted of (Rudstein 14). Elizabeth had served a 6 year sentence for the wrongful conviction of killing her husband by the time she got paroled. When she gets out of prison and rightfully tracks down her husband for framing her, she is within her constitutional right to kill him. The constitutional amendment provided in the double jeopardy clause would ensure that Libby does not get convicted of the same crime of killing her husband twice. This means that she will avoid another stint in

Living at Home Versus Living in an Apartment Essay Example for Free

Living at Home Versus Living in an Apartment Essay People do not realize how different living at home and living in an apartment is until they compare the two. Other people don’t realize it until they are actually out on their own. There are many differences when a person is living at home compared to living in an apartment. In this essay we will look at the differences of the two. One difference between living at home and living in an apartment is how the bills get paid. When living at home parents or whoever the person lives with pays all the bills and buys all the food. Even if the person has to pay for anything while living at home, I’m sure it is just a small portion of what all the bills come out to be. When living in an apartment the person has to pay their own bills and buy your own food. This means that they have to find somewhere that is affordable for them. Some apartments have bills like electricity, water, and sewer/garbage included in the rent. If the person needs help buying food they have a program out there that they can sign up for food stamps at the local social services office. They also have places that have food pantries that gives people a food basket. Some towns also have a place for people to go and eat like the Salvation Army or a church. This is one major difference of living at home versus living in an apartment. Another difference between living at home and living in an apartment is making sure the person has everything they need. When living at home with the person’s parents or whoever they live with, they already have or have bought all the necessities that they will need for a place like furniture, pots and pans, cleaning supplies, stuff for hygiene, etc. When a person is living in an apartment they have to buy everything that they are going to need for the apartment. That means that the person has to go out and buy their own furniture and everything else that they want for their place. A person can watch for garage sales or even go check out some thrift stores. The Salvation Army gives a person a voucher to go to their store and get some stuff for their new place if they have it in stock. They even help out with furniture to. Some stuff the person will probably want brand new like their silverware and dishes. Another difference between living at home and living in an apartment is all about how clean the place is. When someone lives at home or with whomever they live with they usually want their place nice and clean. They want everyone that lives there to help with the cleaning and to maintain a clean home. When a person lives in an apartment they are the one that decides when to clean the place. Also they are the one to decide how clean they want their place and if they are going to try and maintain a clean place. Some people like their house spotless while others don’t really care if their place is clean or not. Maintaining a clean home means a lot to others when they come over to visit. The final difference between living at home and living in an apartment is being independent. When a person is living at home they have rules to follow. Some rules may be easy to follow like cleaning up after oneself, help with the cooking, and maintain a job or go to school. Other rules may be harder to follow like if the person has a certain time to be home and if certain people that they hang out with are not allowed to be at the person’s house they are staying at because they don’t like or get along with them. When a person is living in an apartment they are on their own. They are the one that picks the rules. When living in an apartment a person can come and go as they please. Also they can do whatever they want. Just be careful when living in a person’s own apartment because some people go crazy and have all kinds of parties. If the neighbors call the cops the landlord has a right to evict them. If they get evicted it makes it hard for them to get an apartment the next time they are looking for one. In conclusion, everybody now has some of the differences between living at home and living in an apartment. It’s all up to them to decide if they want to stay living at home or move into an apartment. Everybody has their own way of thinking and choosing what they want to do. If they want to move into an apartment a person could keep an eye out for stuff they will need so they will have it by the time they move.

Challenges Faced By Working Couple

Challenges Faced By Working Couple The overarching purpose of the study was to know the impact of working hours on the work-life balance challenges faced by working couple. WLB from an employee perspective is the most important strategy of organisation. This article reports that the working hours have a significant relationship with the challenges faced by working couple. Data was collected from various countries like USA, India, Australia, and Canada. A total of 70-80 participants (working couples) indicated that long and odd working hours make their work-life imbalanced. Due to which they are unable to spend time with family and negatively effecting their organisation commitment. Also, these time constraints create more stressful conditions to work and giving unproductive results to organisations. We therefore, recommend all the organisations to implement work-life balance strategies which are family friendly policies and simultaneously, reaping benefits for the organisations too. Keywords: working couples, work-Life Balance, Flexible working hours, flexibility. Introduction What is Work-life balance? For companies to remain competitive there is a need to attract and retain valued employees with regard to human resource policies and practices that address work-life balance. Therefore Work- life Balance is an important area of concern for Employers. Work life balance is about individual choices that enable employers and employees to manage the interaction between work and the demands of life that affect health, families and communities. Work/Life Balance: n. A state of equilibrium in which the demands of both a persons job and personal life are equal. According to Maryln Walton of Herman Millers Future Insight Group, The participants rated work-life balance as the most important of the propositions in the future. It also was rated lowest for the amount of attention being paid to it through the workplace. Therefore in todays organizational settings WLB strategies are being implemented like policies of flexible work and leave arrangements, child and dependant care, compressed work week, job sharing, etc. Review of Literature Working Hours and Dynamics Interplay between Work and Family Challenges A work/life balance survey conducted in 2002 by TrueCareers states that 70% of more than 1,500 respondents said they dont have a healthy balance between their personal and work lives. As organisations move towards more participative and flat structures where fewer employees are expected to manage increase workloads (Hall Ritcher, 1988), the demands of the environment increase, and maintaining the balance between the demands of a career and life responsibilities become more difficult. Hence an increasing level of stress can rapidly lead to low employee morale, poor productivity, and decreasing job satisfaction. Some of the specific problems that relate directly to productivity in the work environment are abuse of sick time, cheating, chronic absenteeism, distrust, embezzlement, organizational sabotage, tardiness, task avoidance, and violence in the workplace. Other serious repercussions are depression, alcohol and drug abuse, marital and financial problems, compulsive eating disorder s, and employee burnout. With ever increasing work overload there is always negative spillover of stress from office to home and from home to office. Working late hours, bringing work to home, less time for lunch at office hours are the common problems faced by working couple. Moreover, if the working environment is not supportive it may lead to more turnover as before. Employees tend to experience work-family conflict when demands from work and family are both high and difficult to satisfy. Work-family conflict is a form of interrole conflict in which incompatible demands emanating from work and family domains make it difficult or impossible to satisfy both sets. Employees from dual-earner families (the subjects of our study) are particularly likely to experience conflict between work and family. Whereas most research has focused on individuals and the work-family conflict they personally report, a growing number of studies suggest that work-life issues must be understood in the context of both spouses employment conditions. Employees tend to experience work-family conflict when demands from work and family are both high and difficult to satisfy. Work-family conflict is a form of interrole conflict in which incompatible demands arising from work and family domains make it difficult to satisfy both sets. Working couples are particularly likely to experience conflict between work and family. Whereas most research has focused on individuals and the work-family conflict they personally report, a growing number of studies suggest that work-life issues must be understood in the context of both spouses employment conditions. This study though examines the spousal support and his indulgence in work, being at priority. A 1991 study finds relationships among employees job security, income, and weekly work hours and their spouses job involvement and satisfaction. Longer working hours are considered as the biggest work-family conflict reason giving more challenges to be faced by working couple. Late working hours, night shifts, work at home, no flexible scheduling and rigid corporate timings all these are demanding flex time work strategies. In the last decade ( Health Canada 2001, National Work Life Conflict Study), declared that high job stress has doubled, high job satisfaction and employee loyalty has doubled, the percentage of Canadian working more than 50 hours a week has grown from 10% to 25% , most Canadian lives in dual-income families and have dependents, whether children, aging parents or both. Also Canadian employers has reported that work life conflict has resulted in increased absenteeism and employee turnover, reduced productivity increased disability costs and health cost, increased managerial stress, and impaired family/social relationships. Jacobs and Gerson (2001) proposed that total family work hours, or the combined work hours of both spouses, would be a stronger predictor of negative outcomes, especially among parents, than the work hours of the individual spouses. Total family work hours is a concept with considerable face validity; as Jacobs and Gerson (2001) note, married individuals have less time to spend at home, because they devote more joint time to work (p. 50). More recently, Voydanoff (2004b) argued that long work hours reduce the resources that couples have for managing home demands, with likely negative effects on marital quality that vary with gender. For example, long work hours have been associated with high work_family conflict (Grzywacz Marks, 2000) as well as with good physical health (Bird Fremont, 1991). In contrast, there was no significant relationship between long work hours and intention to turnover or life satisfaction (Barnett Gareis, 2000a,b). Therefore todays company need various work-life strategies to be implemented that are helpful for working couple. They will be able to maintain a balance between much needed personal and professional life. The workplace based strategy could be flexi-time and flexi hours, part time, job sharing, job redesign, compressed work schedule; and flexi-place strategy could be telecommuting. Leave arrangements could be compassionate care leave, extended leave, maternity leave, parental leave, personal leave, self-funded leave, sick leave. A review of more than 30 surveys regarding work/life balance published from 1997 to 2003 reveals that the number of employers who offer family-friendly benefits has dramatically increased. According to the SHRMÂ ® 2003 Benefits Survey by the Society for Human Resource Management (www.shrm.org /surveys-available late June 2003), the percentage of employers offering family-friendly benefits continues to increase.21 The survey documents that the top five family-friendly benefits offered are: Dependent care flexible spending accounts (71% of respondents). Flextime (55% of respondents). Family leave above required leave of the federal Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) (39% of respondents). Telecommuting on a part-time basis (34% of respondents). Compressed workweeks (31% of respondents). Research Methodology Data Collection A sample of 70-80 working couples was taken from various countries including USA, Canada, Australia and India to measure the effect of working hours on working couples and the challenges they face. Diverse type of corporate sector including service sector, medical sectors, NGOs, manufacturing sectors, educational sectors etc. were included A structured questionnaire was drafted containing various statement on Work-Life Balance and challenges. Giving a Chronback Aplha of .80 ( reliability and validity of questionnaire). Measurement Individual working hours effect was assessed on the lives of working couple. 12-items from the dual career couple challenge scale were used to assess the challenges experienced by them. Responses were gauged on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (always). For example items including, Do you work late hours at office everyday?; Do you miss out on quality time with your family and friends because of work pressure? A higher response rate of 85% was recorded. Therefore, for measuring the effect of working hours on the challenges faced by dual career couple a simple regression analysis technique was applied with the help of SPSS 18 (PASW). Taking challenges as independent factors and working hours as dependent factors. Simple regression analysis was used to test the hypothetical relations between the challenges and working hours, in table 1. We can see the variables entered as independent. To address the challenge of analyzing data where its being proved by our results that as p Conclusion This study therefore suggests that dual-career couples may have different needs from those of the more traditional single-career couple. There is, therefore, a need for organisations to develop policies and practices that provide support for the demands of both work and family. In the work environment, dual-career employee status implies the need for greater employer sensitivity and awareness of the conflicting demands of simultaneous careers, so that employees may become more effective both at work and at home. What is needed is policies and programmes to help employees reduce the amount of conflict and the resulting stress they experience when they try to juggle the demands of work and home responsibilities (Thomas Ganster, 1995). Higgins, Duxbury and Irving (1992) for example, found that conflict between work and family roles reduce employees perceptions of quality of work life and the quality of family life which, in turn, can impact productivity, absenteeism and turnover. Suppo rtive work practices like flexible work options (e.g. flexitime, compressed work weeks, home telecommuting) as well as assistance with child and dependent care, employee support programme (e.g. counselling) and career path alternatives (Bardoel, Tharenou and Moss, 1998) are therefore vital to minimise stress, maximize employees sense of control over their lives, sustain manageable career progression, and at the same time balance career and family demands. (Elloy F David, 2004). Limitation of Study The study presented here is not without limitations. Lack of time was also a big constraint. Respondents situated out of India (home country) having problem while filling up the questionnaire were not able to discuss the doubts regarding the questionnaire because of distance and lack of time. Wrong information like telling wrong age or wrong spouse information cannot be avoided. An additional limitation based on the characteristics of the sample may be bias associated with nonresponse.